APA Citation Guide (APA 7th Edition): When Information is Missing

Citing Sources With No Publication Date

If your source doesn't have a date, write n.d. where you would normally provide the date.  For example:

Reference List Citation

Seneca Polytechnic. (n.d.). Seneca's art collection. https://www.senecapolytechnic.ca/collection/

In-text Citation

(Seneca Polytechnic, n.d.)

Citing Sources With No Page Numbers

If you're quoting from a source without page numbers, include the location where you found the information in your in-text citation. This includes the name of section/heading (if available) and paragraph number where you found the information. Count the paragraph from the beginning of the document or section (if available).

Although not required, APA encourages including the page number when paraphrasing if it will help the reader locate the information in a long text and distinguish between the information that is coming from you and the source.

Examples

(Diabetes Canada, n.d., Move More section, para. 2)

(World Health Organization, 2020, para. 10)

Citing Sources With No Title

If you're citing a source without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets. For example:

Reference List Citation

Vividata. (2018). [Potato chips - personally ate in the past 6 months for all respondents 14+ in Ontario]. http://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/vividata.html

In-text Citation

(Vividata, 2018)

Unknown Source

If you don't have a source, consider searching for a work which supports the information you are including in your assignment or essay.

You may also cite the information as personal communication if your source is a personal interview.